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Ligand binding assays routinely employ fluorescently-labeled protein ligands to quantify the extent of binding. These ligands are commonly generated through chemical modification of accessible lysine residues, which often results in heterogeneous populations exhibiting variable binding properties. This could be remedied by quantitative, site-specific labeling. Recently, we reported on a single-step method integrating recombinant protein purification with 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) condensation for labeling a proteolytically exposed N-terminal cysteine. Here, using three growth factors, we show that unlike random lysine labeling, this site-specific approach yielded homogeneous populations of growth factors that were quantitatively labeled at their N-termini and retained their binding characteristics. We demonstrate the utility of this labeling method through the development of a novel assay that quantifies the capacity of antibodies to block receptor-ligand interactions (i.e. antibody blockade). The assay uses bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to detect binding of CBT-labeled growth factors to their cognate receptors genetically fused to NanoLuc luciferase. The ability of antibodies to block these interactions is quantified through decrease in BRET. Using several antibodies, we show that the assay provides reliable quantification of antibody blockade in a cellular context. As demonstrated here, this simple method for generating uniformly-labeled proteins has potential to promote more accurate and robust ligand binding assays.

Utilizing a Simple Method for Stoichiometric Protein Labeling to Quantify Antibody Blockade