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Haloarchaea utilize various microbial rhodopsins to harvest light energy or to mediate phototaxis in search of optimal environmental niches. To date, only the red light-sensing sensory rhodopsin I (SRI) and the blue light-sensing sensory rhodopsin II (SRII) have been shown to mediate positive and negative phototaxis, respectively. In this work, we demonstrated that a blue-green light-sensing (504 nm) sensory rhodopsin from  Haloarcula marismortui , SRM, attenuated both positive and negative phototaxis through its sensing region. The  H. marismortui  genome encodes three sensory rhodopsins: SRI, SRII and SRM. Using spectroscopic assays, we first demonstrated the interaction between SRM and its cognate transducer, HtrM. We then transformed an SRM-HtrM fusion protein into  Halobacterium salinarum , which contains only SRI and SRII, and observed that SRM-HtrM fusion protein decreased both positive and negative phototaxis of  H. salinarum . Together, our results suggested a novel phototaxis signalling system in  H. marismortui  comprised of three sensory rhodopsins in which the phototactic response of SRI and SRII were attenuated by SRM.

scientific reports

The Blue-Green Sensory Rhodopsin SRM from Haloarcula marismortui Attenuates Both Phototactic Responses Mediated by Sensory Rhodopsin I and II in Halobacterium salinarum