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Staphylococcus epidermidis  is the predominant cause of recalcitrant biofilm-associated infections, which are often highly resistant to antibiotics. Thus, the use of physico-chemical agents for disinfection offers a more effective approach to the control of  S. epidermidis  biofilm infections. However, the underlying tolerance mechanisms employed by  S. epidermidis  biofilm against these physico-chemical disinfectants remain largely unknown. The expression of a σ B -dependent gene, alkaline shock protein 23 ( asp23 ) and catalase activity by  S. epidermidis  biofilm and planktonic cells exposed to heat (50 °C), 0.8 M sodium chloride (NaCl), 5 mM sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 50 μM hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) for 60 minutes were compared. Significantly higher  asp23  expression levels were observed in biofilms exposed to 50 °C, 5 mM NaOCl or 50 μM H 2 O 2  compared to the corresponding planktonic cells ( p  < 0.05). Conversely,  asp23  expression levels in biofilm and planktonic cells exposed to 0.8 M NaCl were not significantly different ( p  > 0.05). Further, biofilms exposed to 50 °C, 0.8 M NaCl, 5 mM NaOCl or 50 μM H 2 O 2  exhibited significantly higher catalase activity than the planktonic cells ( p  < 0.05). These results suggest that activities of σ B  and catalase may be involved in the tolerance of  S. epidermidis  biofilm against physico-chemical disinfection.

Alternative sigma factor B (σB) and catalase enzyme contribute to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm’s tolerance against physico-chemical disinfection