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The genus  Agrilus  comprises diverse exotic and agriculturally important wood-boring insects that have evolved efficient digestive systems.  Agrilus mali  Matsumara, an invasive insect, is causing extensive mortality to endangered wild apple trees in Tianshan. In this study, we present an in-depth characterization of the gut microbiota of  A. mali  based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and report the presence of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria. Thirty-nine operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were characterized from the larval gut. OTUs represented 6 phyla, 10 classes, 16 orders, 20 families, and 20 genera. The majority of bacterial OTUs belonged to the order Enterobacteriales which was the most abundant taxa in the larval gut. Cultivable bacteria revealed 9 OTUs that all belonged to Gammaproteobacteria. Subsequently, we examined the breakdown of plant cell-wall compounds by bacterial isolates. Among the isolates, the highest efficiency was observed in  Pantoea  sp., which was able to synthesize four out of the six enzymes (cellulase, cellobiase, β-xylanase, and β-gluconase) responsible for plant-cell wall degradation. One isolate identified as  Pseudomonas orientalis  exhibited lignin peroxidase activity. Our study provides the first characterization of the gut microbial diversity of  A. mali  larvae and shows that some cultivable bacteria play a significant role in the digestive tracts of larvae by providing nutritional needs.

scientific reports

Characterization of the gut microbiota of invasive Agrilus mali Matsumara (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) using high-throughput sequencing: uncovering plant cell-wall degrading bacteria