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Human malaria, which remains a major public health problem, is transmitted by a subset of  Anopheles  mosquitoes belonging to only three out of eight subgenera:  Anopheles ,  Cellia  and  Nyssorhynchus . Unlike almost every other insect species, males of some  Anopheles  species produce steroid hormones which are transferred to females during copulation to influence their reproduction. Steroids are consequently a potential target for malaria vector control. Here, we analysed the evolution of sexually-transferred steroids and their effects on female reproductive traits across  Anopheles  by using a set of 16 mosquito species (five  Anopheles , eight  Cellia , and three  Nyssorhynchus ), including malaria vector and non-vector species. We show that male steroid production and transfer are specific to the  Cellia  and therefore represent a synapomorphy of this subgenus. Furthermore, we show that mating-induced effects in females are variable across species and differences are not correlated with sexually-transferred steroids or with  Anopheles  ability to transmit human malaria. Overall, our findings highlight that  Anopheles  mosquitoes have evolved different reproductive strategies, independently of being a malaria vector or not.

Evolution of sexually-transferred steroids and mating-induced phenotypes in Anopheles mosquitoes