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The uterus is a remarkable organ that must guard against infections while maintaining the ability to support growth of a fetus without rejection. The  Hoxa10  and  Hoxa11  genes have previously been shown to play essential roles in uterus development and function. In this report we show that the  Hoxa9,10,11 ,  Hoxc9,10,11, Hoxd9,10,11  genes play a redundant role in the formation of uterine glands. In addition, we use single cell RNA-seq to create a high resolution gene expression atlas of the developing wild type mouse uterus. Cell types and subtypes are defined, for example dividing endothelial cells into arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic, while epithelial cells separate into luminal and glandular subtypes. Further, a surprising heterogeneity of stromal and myocyte cell types are identified. Transcription factor codes and ligand/receptor interactions are characterized. We also used single cell RNA-seq to globally define the altered gene expression patterns in all developing uterus cell types for two Hox mutants, with 8 or 9 mutant Hox genes. The mutants show a striking disruption of Wnt signaling as well as the Cxcl12/Cxcr4 ligand/receptor axis.

Single cell RNA-seq study of wild type and Hox9,10,11 mutant developing uterus