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The Baltic Sea is a shallow basin of brackish water in which the spatial salinity gradient is one of the most important factors contributing to species distribution. The Baltic Sea is infamous for its annual cyanobacterial blooms comprised of  Nodularia spumigena ,  Aphanizomenon  spp., and  Dolichospermum  spp. that cause harm, especially for recreational users. To broaden our knowledge of the cyanobacterial adaptation strategies for brackish water environments, we sequenced the entire genome of  Dolichospermum  sp. UHCC 0315, a species occurring not only in freshwater environments but also in brackish water. Comparative genomics analyses revealed a close association with  Dolichospermum  sp. UHCC 0090 isolated from a lake in Finland. The genome closure of  Dolichospermum  sp. UHCC 0315 unraveled a mixture of two subtypes in the original culture, and subtypes exhibited distinct buoyancy phenotypes. Salinity less than 3 g L −1  NaCl enabled proper growth of  Dolichospermum  sp. UHCC 0315, whereas growth was arrested at moderate salinity (6 g L −1  NaCl). The concentrations of toxins, microcystins, increased at moderate salinity, whereas RNA sequencing data implied that  Dolichospermum  remodeled its primary metabolism in unfavorable high salinity. Based on our results, the predicted salinity decrease in the Baltic Sea may favor toxic blooms of  Dolichospermum  spp.

Insight into the genome and brackish water adaptation strategies of toxic and bloom-forming Baltic Sea Dolichospermum sp. UHCC 0315