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In a staged anaerobic fluidized-bed ceramic membrane bioreactor, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses were performed to decipher the microbial interactions on the granular activated carbon. Metagenome bins, representing the predominating microbes in the bioreactor: syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria (SPOB), acetoclastic  Methanothrix concilii , and exoelectrogenic  Geobacter lovleyi , were successfully recovered for the reconstruction and analysis of metabolic pathways involved in the transformation of fatty acids to methane. In particular, SPOB degraded propionate into acetate, which was further converted into methane and CO 2  by  M. concilii  via the acetoclastic methanogenesis. Concurrently,  G. lovleyi  oxidized acetate into CO 2 , releasing electrons into the extracellular environment. By accepting these electrons through direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) , M. concilii  was capable of performing CO 2  reduction for further methane formation. Most notably, an alternative RuBisCO-mediated CO 2  reduction (the reductive hexulose-phosphate (RHP) pathway) is transcriptionally-active in  M. concilii . This RHP pathway enables  M. concilii  dominance and energy gain by carbon fixation and methanogenesis, respectively via a methyl-H 4 MPT intermediate, constituting the third methanogenesis route. The complete acetate reduction (2 mole methane formation/1 mole acetate consumption), coupling of acetoclastic methanogenesis and two CO 2  reduction pathways, are thermodynamically favorable even under very low substrate condition (down to to 10 −5  M level). Such tight interactions via both mediated and direct interspecies electron transfer (MIET and DIET), induced by the conductive GAC promote the overall efficiency of bioenergy processes.

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Metatranscriptomic evidence for classical and RuBisCO-mediated CO2 reduction to methane facilitated by direct interspecies electron transfer in a methanogenic system