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Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations are among the chief factors shaping the mode and magnitude of interactions between plants and herbivorous insects. Here, we describe the first global analysis of systemic transcriptomic responses of grapevine  Vitis vinifera  plants to feeding of European grapevine moth  Lobesia botrana  larvae at future elevated CO 2  concentrations. The study was conducted on mature, fruit-bearing grapevine plants under ambient and elevated CO 2  concentrations in a grapevine free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. Grapevine transcriptional response to herbivory was clearly dependent on phenological stage, with a higher number of differentially expressed genes identified at fruit development compared to berry ripening. At fruit development, more transcripts were differentially expressed as a response to herbivory under elevated compared to ambient CO 2  concentrations. Classification of the respective transcripts revealed that in particular genes involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant-pathogen interactions were significantly enriched. Most of these genes had similar expression patterns under both CO 2  concentrations, with a higher fold-change under elevated CO 2  concentrations. Differences in expression levels of a subset of herbivory responsive genes were further validated by RT-qPCR. Our study indicates that future elevated CO 2  concentrations will affect interactions between grapevine plants and one of its key insect pests, with consequences for future relevance of  L. botrana  in worldwide viticulture.

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Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations alter grapevine (Vitis vinifera) systemic transcriptional response to European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) herbivory