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Spoladea recurvalis  is one of the most destructive insect pests of amaranth, a leafy vegetable in both Asia and Africa. The present study characterized the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN) and pheromone/odorant binding proteins in  S. recurvalis . The open reading frame of 600 base pairs encodes a 200-amino acid protein possessing five neuropeptide motifs (DH, PBAN, α-, β-, and γ- subesophageal ganglion neuropeptides) and shares a characteristic conserved C-terminal pentapeptide fragment FXPRL. The full-length genome of Spre-DH-PBAN was 4,295 bp in length and comprised of six exons interspersed by five introns. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of Spre-DH-PBAN have high similarity to its homologs in Crambidae of Lepidopteran order. We quantitatively measured the relative expression level (qRT_PCR) of Spre-DH-PBAN gene, the binding proteins such as odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and pheromone binding protein (PBPs) at different developmental stages. The results confirmed their role in recognition and chemoreception of sex pheromone components, and they were distinct, tissue- and sex-specific. This is the first report on the molecular analysis of PBAN gene and binding proteins, which can improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of growth, development, and reproductive behavior of  S. recurvalis , and may become effective targets for controlling this insect.

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Sex-specific spatial and temporal gene expressions of Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and binding proteins (PBP/OBP) in Spoladea recurvalis