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While the majority of the natural carotenoid pigments are based on 40-carbon (C 40 ) skeleton, some carotenoids from bacteria have larger C 50  skeleton, biosynthesized by attaching two isoprene units (C 5 ) to both sides of the C 40  carotenoid pigment lycopene. Subsequent cyclization reactions result in the production of C 50  carotenoids with diverse and unique skeletal structures. To produce even larger nonnatural novel carotenoids with C 50  + C 5  + C 5  = C 60  skeletons, we systematically coexpressed natural C 50  carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes (lycopene C 5 -elongases and C 50 -cyclases) from various bacterial sources together with the laboratory-engineered nonnatural C 50 -lycopene pathway in  Escherichia coli . Among the tested enzymes, the elongases and cyclases from  Micrococcus luteus  exhibited significant activity toward C 50 -lycopene, and yielded the novel carotenoids C 60 -flavuxanthin and C 60 -sarcinaxanthin. Moreover, coexpression of  M .  luteus  elongase with  Corynebacterium  cyclase resulted in the production of C 60 -sarcinaxanthin, C 60 -sarprenoxanthin, and C 60 -decaprenoxanthin.

Genetically engineered biosynthetic pathways for nonnatural C60 carotenoids using C5-elongases and C50-cyclases in Escherichia coli