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Avian coccidiosis is an economically important disease in the poultry industry. In view of the disadvantages of anti-coccidial drugs in chickens, edible plants and their compounds are re-emerging as an alternative strategy to combat this disease. A previous publication reported that the edible plant  B .  pilosa  showed promise for use against coccidiosis. Here, we first investigated into the anti-coccidial effects of  B .  pilosa . We found that  B .  pilosa  at 100 ppm or more significantly suppressed  E .  tenella  as evidenced by reduction in mortality rate, oocyst excretion and gut pathological severity in chickens and its minimum prophylactic duration was 3 days. Next, we explored the mode of action of anti-coccidial mechanism of  B .  pilosa . The  E .  tenella  oocysts were not directly killed by  B .  pilosa ; however, administration of the plant suppressed oocyst sporulation, sporozoite invasion, and schizonts in the life cycle of  E .  tenella . Besides,  B .  pilosa  boosted T cell-mediated immunity. Finally, we characterized the related anti-coccidial phytochemicals and their mode of action. One of three potent polyynes present in  B .  pilsoa , Compound 1 (cytopiloyne), acted against coccidiosis in chickens in a similar manner to  B .  pilosa . These data illustrate the anti-coccidial potency and mechanism of  B .  pilosa  and one of its active compounds, and provide a cornerstone for development of novel herbal remedies for avian coccidiosis.

Anti-coccidial properties and mechanisms of an edible herb, Bidens pilosa, and its active compounds for coccidiosis