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The rat is a time-honored traditional experimental model animal, but its use is limited due to the difficulty of genetic modification. Although engineered endonucleases enable us to manipulate the rat genome, it is not known whether the newly identified endonuclease Cpf1 system is applicable to rats. Here we report the first application of CRISPR-Cpf1 in rats and investigate whether  Apoe  knockout rat can be used as an atherosclerosis model. We generated  Apoe-  and/or  Ldlr -deficient rats via CRISPR-Cpf1 system, characterized by high efficiency, successful germline transmission, multiple gene targeting capacity, and minimal off-target effect. The resulting  Apoe  knockout rats displayed hyperlipidemia and aortic lesions. In partially ligated carotid arteries of rats and mice fed with high-fat diet, in contrast to  Apoe  knockout mice showing atherosclerotic lesions,  Apoe  knockout rats showed only adventitial immune infiltrates comprising T lymphocytes and mainly macrophages with no plaque. In addition, adventitial macrophage progenitor cells (AMPCs) were more abundant in  Apoe  knockout rats than in mice. Our data suggest that the Cpf1 system can target single or multiple genes efficiently and specifically in rats with genetic heritability and that  Apoe  knockout rats may help understand initial-stage atherosclerosis.

Knockout rat models mimicking human atherosclerosis created by Cpf1-mediated gene targeting