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Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  glycines  ( Xag ) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing bacterial pustule disease in soybean. Functions of DNA methyltransferases have been characterized in animal pathogenic bacteria, but are poorly understood in plant pathogens. Here, we report that functions of a putative DNA methyltransferase, EadM, in  Xag . An EadM-overexpressing strain,  Xag (EadM), was less virulent than the wild-type carrying an empty vector,  Xag (EV). Interestingly, the viable cell numbers of  Xag (EadM) were much lower (10-fold) than those of  Xag (EV) at the same optical density. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that proteins involved in cell wall/membrane/envelope and iron-transport were more abundant. Based on proteomic analysis we carried out diverse phenotypic assays. Scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal bacterial envelopes in  Xag (EadM). Additionally,  Xag (EadM) showed decreased stress tolerance against ciprofloxacin and sorbitol, but enhanced resistance to desiccation. Exopolysaccharide production in  Xag (EadM) was also decreased. Production of siderophores, which are iron-chelators, was much higher in  Xag (EadM). As in  Xag ,  Escherichia coli  expressing EadM showed significantly reduced (1000-fold) viable cell numbers at the same optical density. Thus, EadM is associated with virulence, envelope biogenesis, stress tolerance, exopolysaccharide production, and siderophore production. Our results provide valuable and fundamental information regarding DNA methyltransferase functions and their related cellular mechanisms in plant pathogenic bacteria.

Functional characterization of a putative DNA methyltransferase, EadM, in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines by proteomic and phenotypic analyses