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The use of  Metarhizium  against sugarcane spittlebugs in Brazil is one of the most successful and long lasting biological control programs using entomopathogenic fungus in the world. However, studies to monitor the fate of this fungus on the sugarcane agroecosystem are rare, especially with respect to its persistence, efficacy in pest control and impact on the local populations of  Metarhizium . The present study aimed at documenting the efficacy and persistence of  M. anisopliae  strain ESALQ1604 in a sugarcane field by using microsatellite molecular markers. The species diversity of  Metarhizium  was characterized in insects, soil and sugarcane roots in a sprayed and an unsprayed plot. Although the infection rates were not very high (≤ 50%), the applied strain was recovered from spittlebugs after 7, 30 and 60 days’ post-application, but accounted for only 50%, 50% and 70.5% of all insects killed by  M. anisopliae , respectively. All haplotypes from spittlebug were associated with a single subclade of  M. anisopliae . The highest haplotype diversity was found in soil (h = 0.989) and in the smallest in spittlebug (h = 0.779).  Metarhizium robertsii, M. anisopliae, M. brunneum ; one taxonomically unassigned lineage was found in soil and only  M. brunneum  and  M. anisopliae  were isolated from roots. This study revealed the great diversity of  Metarhizium  spp. in the sugarcane agroecosystem and the importance of the local population of  M. anisopliae  on spittlebugs management.

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Monitoring of the field application of Metarhizium anisopliae in Brazil revealed high molecular diversity of Metarhizium spp in insects, soil and sugarcane roots