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Hydrated, magnesium-rich minerals and subglacial brines exist on the martian surface, so the habitability of high-Mg 2+  environments on Earth has extraterrestrial (as well as terrestrial) implications. Here, we report the discovery of a MgCl 2 -dominated (4.72 M) brine lake on the floor of the Mediterranean Ridge that underlies a 3500-m water column, and name it Lake  Hephaestus . Stable isotope analyses indicated that the  Hephaestus  brine is derived from interactions between ancient bishofite-enriched evaporites and subsurface fluids. Analyses of sediment pore waters indicated that the  Hephaestus  depression had contained the MgCl 2  brine for a remarkably short period; only 700 years. Lake  Hephaestus  is, therefore, the youngest among currently known submarine athalassohaline brine lakes on Earth. Due to its biologically hostile properties (low water-activity and extreme chaotropicity), the  Hephaestus  brine is devoid of life. By contrast, the seawater- Hephaestus  brine interface has been shown to act as refuge for extremely halophilic and magnesium-adapted stratified communities of microbes, even at MgCl 2  concentrations that approach the water-activity limit for life (0.653).

The discovery of Lake Hephaestus, the youngest athalassohaline deep-sea formation on Earth