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The growing population requires sustainable, environmentally-friendly crops. The plant growth-enhancing properties of algal extracts have suggested their use as biofertilisers. The mechanism(s) by which algal extracts affect plant growth are unknown. We examined the effects of extracts from the common green seaweed  Ulva intestinalis  on germination and root development in the model land plant  Arabidopsis thaliana .  Ulva  extract concentrations above 0.1% inhibited  Arabidopsis  germination and root growth.  Ulva  extract <0.1% stimulated root growth. All concentrations of  Ulva  extract inhibited lateral root formation. An abscisic-acid-insensitive mutant,  abi1 , showed altered sensitivity to germination- and root growth-inhibition. Ethylene- and cytokinin-insensitive mutants were partly insensitive to germination-inhibition. This suggests that different mechanisms mediate each effect of  Ulva  extract on early  Arabidopsis  development and that multiple hormones contribute to germination-inhibition. Elemental analysis showed that  Ulva  contains high levels of Aluminium ions (Al 3+ ). Ethylene and cytokinin have been suggested to function in Al 3+ -mediated root growth inhibition: our data suggest that if  Ulva  Al 3+  levels inhibit root growth, this is via a novel mechanism. We suggest algal extracts should be used cautiously as fertilisers, as the inhibitory effects on early development may outweigh any benefits if the concentration of extract is too high.

Effects of green seaweed extract on Arabidopsis early development suggest roles for hormone signalling in plant responses to algal fertilisers