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PhoH  is a host-derived auxiliary metabolic gene that can be used as a new biomarker for surveying phage diversity in marine and paddy waters. However, the applicability of this gene in other environments has not been addressed. In this paper, we surveyed the  phoH  gene in four wetland sediments in northeast China. DNA was extracted directly from sediments and used for PCR amplification with the degenerate primers vPhoHf and vPhoHr. In total, 44 and 58  phoH  sequences were identified as belonging to bacteria and phages, respectively, suggesting that this primer set is not highly specific to the phage  phoH  gene. A BLASTp search showed that the 58 phage  phoH  sequences had the highest identity to the known viral sequences, ranging from 48% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all phage sequences from wetlands distributed into the previously designated Groups 2, 3, 4 and 6. In addition, two new subgroups, Groups 2c and 4c, which contained sequences exclusively from wetlands, were detected in this study. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the phage  phoH  assemblage from a coastal wetland was similar to that in marine environments, while the phage  phoH  assemblage from a lake wetland was similar to that in paddy waters. These findings indicated that different types of wetlands had distinct phage  phoH  compositions.

Survey of the bacteriophage phoH gene in wetland sediments in northeast China