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Switches in heterogamety are known to occur in both animals and plants. Although plant sex determination systems probably often evolved more recently than those in several well-studied animals, including mammals, and have had less time for switches to occur, we previously detected a switch in heterogamety in the plant genus  Silene : section  Otites  has both female and male heterogamety, whereas  S .  latifolia  and its close relatives, in a different section of the genus,  Melandrium  (subgenus  Behenantha ), all have male heterogamety. Here we analyse the evolution of sex chromosomes in section  Otites , which is estimated to have evolved only about 0.55 MYA. Our study confirms female heterogamety in  S .  otites  and newly reveals female heterogamety in  S .  borysthenica . Sequence analyses and genetic mapping show that the sex-linked regions of these two species are the same, but the region in  S .  colpophylla , a close relative with male heterogamety, is different. The sex chromosome pairs of  S .  colpophylla  and  S .  otites  each correspond to an autosome of the other species, and both differ from the XY pair in  S .  latifolia .  Silene  section  Otites  species are suitable for detailed studies of the events involved in such changes, and our phylogenetic analysis suggests a possible change from female to male heterogamety within this section. Our analyses suggest a possibility that has so far not been considered, change in heterogamety through hybridization, in which a male-determining chromosome from one species is introgressed into another one, and over-rides its previous sex-determining system.

Evolution of sex determination and heterogamety changes in section Otites of the genus Silene