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After domestication in the Near East around 10,000 years ago several founder crops, flax included, spread to European latitudes. On reaching northerly latitudes the architecture of domesticated flax became more suitable to fiber production over oil, with longer stems, smaller seeds and fewer axillary branches. Latitudinal adaptations in crops typically result in changes in flowering time, often involving the PEBP family of genes that also have the potential to influence plant architecture. Two PEBP family genes in the flax genome,  LuTFL1  and  LuTFL2 , vary in wild and cultivated flax over latitudinal range with cultivated flax receiving  LuTFL1  alleles from northerly wild flax populations. Compared to a background of population structure of flaxes over latitude, the  LuTFL1  alleles display a level of differentiation that is consistent with selection for an allele III in the north. We demonstrate through heterologous expression in  Arabidopsis thaliana  that  LuTFL1  is a functional homolog of  TFL1  in  A .  thaliana  capable of changing both flowering time and plant architecture. We conclude that specialized fiber flax types could have formed as a consequence of a natural adaptation of cultivated flax to higher latitudes.

Flax latitudinal adaptation at LuTFL1 altered architecture and promoted fiber production