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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is routinely cited as a cost effective tool for climate change mitigation. CCS can directly reduce industrial CO 2  emissions and is essential for the retention of CO 2  extracted from the atmosphere. To be effective as a climate change mitigation tool, CO 2  must be securely retained for 10,000 years (10 ka) with a leakage rate of below 0.01% per year of the total amount of CO 2  injected. Migration of CO 2  back to the atmosphere via leakage through geological faults is a potential high impact risk to CO 2  storage integrity. Here, we calculate for the first time natural leakage rates from a 420 ka paleo-record of CO 2  leakage above a naturally occurring, faulted, CO 2  reservoir in Arizona, USA. Surface travertine (CaCO 3 ) deposits provide evidence of vertical CO 2  leakage linked to known faults. U-Th dating of travertine deposits shows leakage varies along a single fault and that individual seeps have lifespans of up to 200 ka. Whilst the total volumes of CO 2  required to form the travertine deposits are high, time-averaged leakage equates to a linear rate of less than 0.01%/yr. Hence, even this natural geological storage site, which would be deemed to be of too high risk to be selected for engineered geologic storage, is adequate to store CO 2  for climate mitigation purposes.

420,000 year assessment of fault leakage rates shows geological carbon storage is secure