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We previously demonstrated that extracts from  Echinacea purpurea  material varied substantially in their ability to activate macrophages  in vitro  and that this variation was due to differences in their content of bacterial components. The purpose of the current study was to identify soil conditions (organic matter, nitrogen, and moisture content) that alter the macrophage activation potential of  E. purpurea  and determine whether these changes in activity correspond to shifts in the plant-associated microbiome. Increased levels of soil organic matter significantly enhanced macrophage activation exhibited by the root extracts of  E. purpurea  (p < 0.0001). A change in soil organic matter content from 5.6% to 67.4% led to a 4.2-fold increase in the macrophage activation potential of extracts from  E. purpurea . Bacterial communities also differed significantly between root materials cultivated in soils with different levels of organic matter (p < 0.001). These results indicate that the level of soil organic matter is an agricultural factor that can alter the bacterial microbiome, and thereby the activity, of  E. purpurea  roots. Since ingestion of bacterial preparation (e.g., probiotics) is reported to impact human health, it is likely that the medicinal value of  Echinacea  is influenced by cultivation conditions that alter its associated bacterial community.

Plant microbiome-dependent immune enhancing action of Echinacea purpurea is enhanced by soil organic matter content