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Early growth response 1 (EGR1) is a transcription factor and regulates cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The expression of EGR1 is rapidly induced in response to several stimuli, and it activates the expression of downstream target genes involved in signaling cascades.  EGR1  gene is also known to be transcribed in early G1 phase. However, the regulation of  EGR1  transcription in early G1 phase is not clarified well. Here we found that CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a chromatin binding protein, is required to transcribe  EGR1  gene at the onset of early G1 phase. We found that CTCF mediated the formation of higher-order chromatin structures among CTCF binding sites located in the  EGR1  locus. Disruption of the CTCF-dependent higher-order chromatin structure using nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9)-mediated interference reduced the  EGR1  transcription in early G1 phase. Collectively, we propose that CTCF has functional roles for the temporal expression of  EGR1  in early G1 phase through regulation of higher-order chromatin structure organization.

Involvement of CTCF in transcription regulation of EGR1 at early G1 phase as an architecture factor