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The genetic mechanisms determining sex in teleost fishes are highly variable and the master sex determining gene has only been identified in few species. Here we characterize a male-specific region of 9 kb on linkage group 11 in Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) harboring a single gene named  zkY  for zinc knuckle on the Y chromosome. Diagnostic PCR test of phenotypically sexed males and females confirm the sex-specific nature of the Y-sequence. We identified twelve highly similar autosomal gene copies of  zkY , of which eight code for proteins containing the zinc knuckle motif. 3D modeling suggests that the amino acid changes observed in six copies might influence the putative RNA-binding specificity. Cod zkY and the autosomal proteins zk1 and zk2 possess an identical zinc knuckle structure, but only the Y-specific gene  zkY  was expressed at high levels in the developing larvae before the onset of sex differentiation. Collectively these data suggest  zkY  as a candidate master masculinization gene in Atlantic cod. PCR amplification of Y-sequences in Arctic cod ( Arctogadus glacialis ) and Greenland cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ogac ) suggests that the male-specific region emerged in codfishes more than 7.5 million years ago.

Characterization of a male specific region containing a candidate sex determining gene in Atlantic cod