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Mesodinium  spp. are commonly found in marine and brackish waters, and several species are known to contain red, green, or both plastids that originate from cryptophyte prey. We observed the seasonal succession of  Mesodinium  spp. in a Japanese brackish lake, and we analysed the origin and diversity of the various coloured plastids within the cells of  Mesodinium  spp. using a newly developed primer set that specifically targets the cryptophyte nuclear 18S rRNA gene.  Mesodinium rubrum  isolated from the lake contained only red plastids originating from cryptophyte  Teleaulax amphioxeia . We identified novel  Mesodinium  sp. that contained only green plastids or both red and green plastids originating from cryptophytes  Hemiselmis  sp. and  Teleaulax acuta . Although the morphology of the newly identified  Mesodinium  sp. was indistinguishable from that of  M. rubrum  under normal light microscopy, phylogenetic analysis placed this species between the  M. rubrum/major  species complex and a well-supported lineage of  M. chamaeleon  and  M. coatsi . Close associations were observed in cryptophyte species composition within cells of  Mesodinium  spp. and in ambient water samples. The appearance of suitable cryptophyte prey is probably a trigger for succession of  Mesodinium  spp., and the subsequent abundance of  Mesodinium  spp. appears to be influenced by water temperature and dissolved inorganic nutrients.

Seasonal succession of ciliate Mesodinium spp. with red, green, or mixed plastids and their association with cryptophyte prey