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Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin involved in the recognition of several pathogens such as  Aspergillus fumigatus ,  Candida albicans ,  Schistosoma mansonii , and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  that triggers Th17 immune responses. Identifying pathogen ligands and understanding the molecular basis of their recognition is one of the current challenges. Purified  M .  tuberculosis  mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) was shown to induce signaling  via  Dectin-2, an activity that requires the (α1 → 2)-linked mannosides forming the caps. Here, using isogenic  M .  tuberculosis  mutant strains, we demonstrate that ManLAM is a  bona fide  and actually the sole ligand mediating bacilli recognition by Dectin-2, although  M .  tuberculosis  produces a variety of cell envelope mannoconjugates, such as phosphatidyl- myo -inositol hexamannosides, lipomannan or manno(lipo)proteins, that bear (α1 → 2)-linked mannosides. In addition, we found that Dectin-2 can recognize lipoglycans from other bacterial species, such as  Saccharotrix aerocolonigenes  or the human opportunistic pathogen  Tsukamurella paurometabola , suggesting that lipoglycans are prototypical Dectin-2 ligands. Finally, from a structure/function relationship perspective, we show, using lipoglycan variants and synthetic mannodendrimers, that dimannoside caps and multivalent interaction are required for ligand binding to and signaling  via  Dectin-2. Better understanding of the molecular basis of ligand recognition by Dectin-2 will pave the way for the rational design of potent adjuvants targeting this receptor.

Deciphering the molecular basis of mycobacteria and lipoglycan recognition by the C-type lectin Dectin-2