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The cichlid fishes of Lake Malaŵi are the paramount example of adaptive radiation in vertebrates. Evidence of their astounding diversity is perhaps most visible in their adaptations for obtaining food; the genus  Labeotropheus , due to their prominent snouts, are an interesting example of an extreme adaptation for feeding. Two different body types are found in this genus: a deep-bodied form (e.g.,  L .  fuelleborni ) found most often in turbulent shallow water; and a slender bodied form (e.g.,  L .  trewavasae ) found in structurally-complex deep water habitats. Here we test the hypothesis that  L .  trewavasae  should suffer a loss in fitness, measured as growth rate, if raised in turbulence; additionally, we examined growth and morphology of  L .  fuelleborni  and  L .  fuelleborni  x  L .  trewavasae  hybrids under these conditions. We did find the predicted loss of fitness in turbulent-raised  L .  trewavasae , but found no loss of fitness for  L .  fuelleborni  in either condition; hybrids, due to an unusual morphology, performed better in turbulent as opposed to control conditions. Fitness in turbulent conditions was dependent upon morphology, with deeper bodies and upturned neurocrania allowing a greater growth rate under these conditions. Directional selection on morphology was crucial in the evolution of morphology in the  Labeotropheus .

Selection, hybridization, and the evolution of morphology in the Lake Malaŵi endemic cichlids of the genus Labeotropheus