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The  Ethylene response factor  ( ERF ) belongs to the  APETALA2/ethylene response factor  ( AP2/ERF ) superfamily, located at the end of the ethylene signalling pathway, and has important roles in regulating the ethylene-related response genes. Thus, identifying and charactering this transcription factor would be helpful to elucidate ethylene related fruit ripening regulation in Chinese jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba  Mill.). In the present study, 119  AP2/ERF  genes, including 5  Related to ABI3/VP s ( RAV ), 17  AP2 s, 57  ERF s, 39  dehydration-responsive element-binding  ( DREB ) factors and 1  soloist  gene, were identified from the jujube genome sequences. Genome localization, gene duplication, phylogenetic relationships and conserved motifs were simultaneously analysed. Using available transcriptomic data, 85 genes with differential transcripts in the flower, leaf and fruit were detected, suggesting a broad regulation of  AP2/ERF  genes in the growth and development of jujube. Among them, 44 genes were expressed in the fruit. As assessed by quantitative PCR, 15 up- and 23 downregulated genes corresponding to fruit full maturity were found, while in response to 100 μl l −1  ethylene, 6 up- and 16 downregulated genes were generated. By comparing the output,  ZjERF54  and  DREB39  were found to be the best candidate genes that positively participated in jujube fruit ripening, while  ZjERF25  and  ZjERF36 , which had an  ERF -associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, were ripening repressors. These findings help to gain insights into  AP2/ERF  gene evolution and provide a useful resource to further understand the ethylene regulatory mechanisms underlying Chinese jujube fruit ripening.

Genome-wide identification of AP2/ERF superfamily genes and their expression during fruit ripening of Chinese jujube