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The effects of induced plant responses on herbivores are categorised as direct, by reducing herbivore development, or indirect, by affecting the performance of natural enemies. Here, we investigated a tritrophic system, which included the herbivore  Heortia vitessoides , its host plant  Aquilaria sinensis , and its predator  Cantheconidea concinna . Herbivore-damaged  A. sinensis  plants released significantly greater amounts of volatiles than undamaged and mechanically damaged plants, with an obvious temporal trend. One day after initial herbivore damage,  A. sinensis  plants released large amounts of volatile compounds. Volatile compounds release gradually decreased over the next 3 d. The composition and relative concentrations of the electroantennographic detection (EAD)-active compounds, emitted after herbivore damage, varied significantly over the 4-d measurement period. In wind tunnel bioassays, mated  H. vitessoides  females showed a preference for undamaged plants over herbivore and mechanically damaged  A. sinensis  plants. In Y-tube bioassays,  C. concinna  preferred odours from herbivore-damaged plants to those from undamaged plants, especially after the early stages of insect attack. Our results indicate that the herbivore-induced compounds produced in response to attack by  H. vitessoides  larvae on  A. sinensis  plants could be used by both the herbivores themselves and their natural enemies to locate suitable host plants and prey, respectively.

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Volatiles from Aquilaria sinensis damaged by Heortia vitessoides larvae deter the conspecific gravid adults and attract its predator Cantheconidea concinna