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The efficacy of most antibiotics is dependent on active bacterial growth, yet little is known about the growth dynamics during infection. Therefore, means to measure in-host bacterial growth rate is of importance. Here, we use chromosome replication as readout for  in situ  bacterial growth rate during infection; obtained from a single biological specimen. We have applied two independent methods: quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence microscopy, to quantify the level of chromosome replication present during  Escherichia coli  propagation in the mouse peritonitis model. We find that the methods complement each other and allow for quantification of growth rate, both on a population average and on a single-cell level. We demonstrate the presence of heterogeneous growth rates within bacterial populations propagating during infection. Also, no growth cessation was observed during the apparent stationary phase  in vivo , and, by comparison of growth dynamics at different anatomical sites, we demonstrate that  E. coli  is unlikely to grow independently intravascularly. These findings provide novel insight into bacterial growth during host infection, and underscore the importance of pinpointing the primary site of infection in septicaemia of unknown origin and ensuring antibiotic availability at this site.

Chromosome replication as a measure of bacterial growth rate during Escherichia coli infection in the mouse peritonitis model