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The primary line of therapy for high-grade brain tumor is surgical resection, however, identifying tumor margins  in vivo  remains a major challenge. Despite the progress in computer-assisted imaging techniques, biopsy analysis remains the standard diagnostic tool when it comes to delineating tumor margins. Our group aims to answer this challenge by exploiting optical imaging of endogenous fluorescence in order to provide a reliable and reproducible diagnosis close to neuropathology. In this study, we first establish the ability of two-photon microscopy (TPM) to discriminate normal brain tissue from glioblastomas and brain metastasis using the endogenous fluorescence response of fresh human brain sample. Two-photon fluorescence images were compared to gold standard neuropathology. “Blind” diagnosis realized by a neuropathologist on a group of TPM images show a good sensitivity, 100%, and specificity, 50% to discriminate non tumoral brain tissue versus glioblastoma or brain metastasis. Quantitative analysis on spectral and fluorescence lifetime measurements resulted in building a scoring system to discriminate brain tissue samples.

Real-time Brain Tumor imaging with endogenous fluorophores: a diagnosis proof-of-concept study on fresh human samples