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Passive and linear nonreciprocal networks at microwave frequencies hold greatpromises in enabling new front-end architectures for wireless communicationsystems. Their nonreciprocity has been achieved by disrupting the time-reversalsymmetry using various forms of biasing schemes, but only over a limitedfrequency range. Here we demonstrate a framework for synthesizing theoreticallyfrequency-independent multi-port nonreciprocal networks. The framework ishighly expandable, and can have an arbitrary number of ports whilesimultaneously sustaining balanced performance and providing unprecedentedprogrammability of non-reciprocity. A 4-port circulator based on such aframework is implemented and tested to produce broadband nonreciprocalperformance from 10 MHz to 900 MHz with a temporal switching effort at 23.8MHz. With the combination of broad bandwidth, low temporal effort, and highprogrammability, the framework could inspire new ways of implementing multipleinput multiple output (MIMO) communication systems for 5G.

Frequency Independent Framework for Synthesis of Programmable Non-reciprocal Networks