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Oxygen limitation is regarded as a useful strategy to improve enzyme production by mycelial fungus like  Aspergillus niger . However, the intracellular metabolic response of  A. niger  to oxygen limitation is still obscure. To address this, the metabolism of  A. niger  was studied using multi-omics integrated analysis based on the latest GEMs (genome-scale metabolic model), including metabolomics, fluxomics and transcriptomics. Upon sharp reduction of the oxygen supply,  A. niger  metabolism shifted to higher redox level status, as well as lower energy supply, down-regulation of genes for fatty acid synthesis and a rapid decrease of the specific growth rate. The gene expression of the glyoxylate bypass was activated, which was consistent with flux analysis using the  A. niger  GEMs iHL1210. The increasing flux of the glyoxylate bypass was assumed to reduce the NADH formation from TCA cycle and benefit maintenance of the cellular redox balance under hypoxic conditions. In addition, the relative fluxes of the EMP pathway were increased, which possibly relieved the energy demand for cell metabolism. The above multi-omics integrative analysis provided new insights on metabolic regulatory mechanisms of  A. niger  associated with enzyme production under oxygen-limited condition, which will benefit systematic design and optimization of the  A. niger  microbial cell factory.

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Multi-omics integrative analysis with genome-scale metabolic model simulation reveals global cellular adaptation of Aspergillus niger under industrial enzyme production condition