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The amphibian chytrid fungus  Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans  ( Bsal ) infects newts and salamanders (urodele amphibians), in which it can cause fatal disease. This pathogen has caused dramatic fire salamander population declines in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany since its discovery in 2010. Thought to be native to Asia, it has been hypothesised that  Bsal  was introduced to Europe with the importation of infected amphibians for the commercial pet trade. Following the discovery of  Bsal  in captive amphibians in the United Kingdom in 2015, we used contact-tracing to identify epidemiologically-linked private amphibian collections in Western Europe. Of 16 linked collections identified, animals were tested from 11 and urodeles tested positive for  Bsal  in seven, including the identification of the pathogen in Spain for the first time. Mortality of  Bsal -positive individuals was observed in five collections. Our results indicate that  Bsal  is likely widespread within the private amphibian trade, at least in Europe. These findings are important for informing policy regarding  Bsal  control strategies.

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Epidemiological tracing of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans identifies widespread infection and associated mortalities in private amphibian collections