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Simplification by reduction has occurred many times independently in the floral evolution of angiosperms. These reductions have often been attributed to changes in reproductive biology. In the angiosperm plant family Annonaceae, most species have flowers with six petals, and many stamens and carpels. In the genus  Monanthotaxis  several deviations from this pattern have been observed, including flowers that contain three petals and three stamens only. New DNA sequences were generated for 42 specimens of  Monanthotaxis . Five chloroplast markers and two nuclear markers for 72 out of 94 species of  Monanthotaxis  were used to reconstruct a phylogeny of the genus, which revealed several well-supported, morphologically distinct clades. The evolution of four quantitative and two qualitative floral characters was mapped onto this phylogeny, demonstrating a reduction in flower size and number of flower parts in  Monanthotaxis . A large variation in stamen forms and numbers, strong correlations between petal size, stamen and carpel number, combined with a non-gradual mode of evolution and the sympatric co-occurrence of  Monanthotaxis  species from different clades suggest that the high diversity in the African rainforest of this genus is caused by switches in pollination systems.

Floral evolution by simplification in Monanthotaxis (Annonaceae) and hypotheses for pollination system shifts