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Endogenous immune response participates in tumor control, and radiotherapy has immune modulatory capacity, but the role of immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment invoked by radiotherapy in radiosensitivity is poorly defined. In the present study, a radio-resistant melanoma cell line was obtained after repeated irradiation to the parental tumor in C57BL/6 mice. Radiotherapy resulted in aggregation of CD8 +  and CD3 +  T cells, and decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and dendritic cells in the parental tumor, but not in the resistant tumors. CD4 +  T cells and B cells did not change significantly. The CD8 +  T cell infiltration after radiotherapy is important for tumor response, because in the nude mice and CD8 +  T cell-depleted C57BL/6 mice, the parental and resistant tumor has similar radiosensitivity. Patients with good radiation response had more CD8 +  T cells aggregation after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy resulted in robust transcription of T cell chemoattractant in the parental cells, and the expression of CCL5 was much higher. These results reveal a novel mechanism of radioresistance, tumor cells inhibit the infiltration of CD8 +  T cell after radiotherapy and become radioresistant. Increasing CD8 +  T cell infiltration after RT may be an effective way to improve tumor radiosensitivity.

Inhibiting the CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment after radiotherapy is an important mechanism of radioresistance