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Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) bearing unusual mitochondrion of trypanosomatid parasites offers a new paradigm in chemotherapy modality. Topoisomerase II of  Leishmania donovani  (LdTopII), a key enzyme associated with kDNA replication, is emerging as a potential drug target. However, mode of action of LdTopII targeted compounds in the parasites at sub-cellular level remains largely unknown. Previously, we reported that an isobenzofuranone derivative, namely 3,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-7-hydroxyisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (JVPH3), targets LdTopII and induces apoptosis-like cell death in  L .  donovani . Here, we elucidate the phenotypic changes and the events occurring at sub-cellular level caused by JVPH3 in  L .  donovani . In addition, we have evaluated the cytotoxicity and ultrastructural alterations caused by JVPH3 in two brazilian trypanosomatid pathogens viz.  L .  amazonensis  and  Trypanosoma cruzi . Despite killing these parasites, JVPH3 caused significantly different phenotypes in  L .  donovani  and  L .  amazonensis . More than 90% population of parasites showed altered morphology. Mitochondrion was a major target organelle subsequently causing kinetoplast network disorganization in  Leishmania . Altered mitochondrial architecture was evident in 75–80%  Leishmania  population being investigated. Quantification of mitochondrial function using JC-1 fluorophore to measure a possible mitochondrial membrane depolarization further confirmed the mitochondrion as an essential target of the JVPH3 corroborating with the phenotype observed by electron microscopy. However, the impact of JVPH3 was lesser on  T .  cruzi  than  Leishmania . The molecule caused mitochondrial alteration in 40% population of the epimastigotes being investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the proliferation pattern and ultrastructural alterations caused in Brazilian kinetoplastid pathogens by a synthetic LdTopII inhibitor previously established to have promising  in vivo  activity against Indian strain of  L .  donovani .

Isobenzofuranone derivative JVPH3, an inhibitor of L. donovani topoisomerase II, disrupts mitochondrial architecture in trypanosomatid parasites