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Although  Bacillus cereus  is of particular concern in food safety and public health, the role of other  Bacillus  species was overlooked. Therefore, we investigated the presence of eight enterotoxigenic genes, a hemolytic gene and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of  Bacillus  species in retail meat samples. From 255 samples, 124  Bacillus  isolates were recovered, 27 belonged to  B .  cereus  and 97 were non- B .  cereus  species. Interestingly, the non- B .  cereus  isolates carried the virulence genes and exhibited phenotypic virulence characteristics as the  B .  cereus . However, correlation matrix analysis revealed the  B .  cereus  group positively correlates with the presence of the genes  hblA ,  hblC , and  plc , and the detection of hemolysis ( p  < 0.05), while the other  Bacillus  sp. groups are negatively correlated. Tests for antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics revealed extensive drug and multi-drug resistant isolates. Statistical analyses didn’t support a correlation of antibiotic resistance to tested virulence factors suggesting independence of these phenotypic markers and virulence genes. Of special interest was the isolation of  Paenibacillus alvei  and  Geobacillus stearothermophilus  from the imported meat samples being the first recorded. The isolation of non- B .  cereus  species carrying enterotoxigenic genes in meat within Egypt, suggests their impact on food safety and public health and should therefore not be minimised, posing an area that requires further research.

scientific reports

Poultry and beef meat as potential seedbeds for antimicrobial resistant enterotoxigenic Bacillus species: a materializing epidemiological and potential severe health hazard