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Soil CO 2  efflux ( F   soil  ) is commonly considered equal to soil CO 2  production ( R   soil  ), and both terms are used interchangeably. However, a non-negligible fraction of  R   soil   can be consumed in the subsurface due to a host of disparate, yet simultaneous processes. The ratio between CO 2  efflux/O 2  influx, known as the apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ), enables new insights into CO 2  losses from  R   soil   not previously captured by  F   soil  . We present the first study using continuous ARQ estimates to evaluate annual CO 2  losses of carbon produced from  R   soil  . We found that up to 1/3 of  R   soil   was emitted directly to the atmosphere, whereas 2/3 of  R   soil   was removed by subsurface processes. These subsurface losses are attributable to dissolution in water, biological activities and chemical reactions. Having better estimates of  R   soil   is key to understanding the true influence of ecosystem production on  R   soil  , as well as the role of soil CO 2  production in other connected processes within the critical zone.

A considerable fraction of soil-respired CO2 is not emitted directly to the atmosphere