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Hydroxyapatite (HA) material will be long-standing once implanted in bone tissue of the body. It should be considered to endow the osteogenic HA material with traceable fluorescence to realize a lifelong  in vivo  tracking. We prepared and utilized lanthanides-doped HA upconversion material, and revealed for the first time that the lanthanides (ytterbium (Yb) and holmium (Ho)) co-doped HA upconversion material was suitable for long-term or lifelong  in vivo  tracking, the lanthanide ions doped in the HA matrix would not affect the biocompatibility and osteogenesis, and the tissue autofluorescence could be effectively avoided by the HA:Yb/Ho upconversion material. Also the distribution in bone and osteointegration with bone of the HA:Yb/Ho material could be clearly discriminated by its bright fluorescence under NIR irradiation. The upconversion characteristic of the HA:Yb/Ho material provides a feasibility and promising prospect for lifelong  in vivo  tracking, and has an advantage in revealing the material-tissue interrelation. The material has important clinical application value in addition to its usefulness for scientific investigation.

Investigation on Anti-Autofluorescence, Osteogenesis and Long-Term Tracking of HA-Based Upconversion Material