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Bacteria can adjust their genetic programs via alternative σ factors to face new environmental pressures. Here, we analyzed a unique set of paralogous alternative σ factors, termed σ I s, which fine-tune the regulation of one of the most intricate cellulolytic systems in nature, the bacterial cellulosome, that is involved in degradation of environmental polysaccharides. We combined bioinformatics with experiments to decipher the regulatory networks of five σ I s in  Clostridium thermocellum , the epitome of cellulolytic microorganisms, and one σ I  in  Pseudobacteroides cellulosolvens  which produces the cellulosomal system with the greatest known complexity. Despite high homology between different σ I s, our data suggest limited cross-talk among them. Remarkably, the major cross-talk occurs within the main cellulosomal genes which harbor the same σ I -dependent promoter elements, suggesting a promoter-based mechanism to guarantee the expression of relevant genes. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms used by σ I s to differentiate among their corresponding regulons, representing a comprehensive overview of the regulation of the cellulosome to date. Finally, we show the advantage of using a heterologous host system for analysis of multiple σ I s, since information generated by their analysis in their natural host can be misinterpreted owing to a cascade of interactions among the different σ I s.

Regulation of biomass degradation by alternative σ factors in cellulolytic clostridia