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Plasmodium vivax  merozoite invasion is restricted to Duffy positive reticulocytes. Merozoite interaction with the Duffy antigen is mediated by the  P. vivax  Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). The receptor-binding domain of PvDBP maps to an N-terminal cysteine-rich region referred to as region II (PvDBPII). In addition, a family of  P. vivax  reticulocyte binding proteins (PvRBPs) mediates interactions with reticulocyte receptors. The receptor binding domain of  P. vivax  reticulocyte binding protein 1a (PvRBP1a) maps to a 30 kD region (PvRBP1a 30 ). Antibodies raised against recombinant PvRBP1a 30  and PvDBPII recognize the native  P. vivax  antigens and inhibit their binding to host receptors. Rabbit IgG purified from sera raised against PvRBP1a 30  and PvDBPII were tested individually and in combination for inhibition of reticulocyte invasion by  P. vivax  field isolates. While anti-PvDBPII rabbit IgG inhibits invasion, anti-PvRBP1a 30  rabbit IgG does not show significant invasion inhibitory activity. Combining antibodies against PvDBPII and PvRBP1a 30  also does not increase invasion inhibitory activity. These studies suggest that although PvRBP1a mediates reticulocyte invasion by  P. vivax  merozoites, it may not be useful to include PvRBP1a 30  in a blood stage vaccine for  P. vivax  malaria. In contrast, these studies validate PvDBPII as a promising blood stage vaccine candidate for  P. vivax  malaria.

Targeting a Reticulocyte Binding Protein and Duffy Binding Protein to Inhibit Reticulocyte Invasion by Plasmodium vivax