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The diversity and basic functional attributes of the gut microbiome of healthy Indians is not well understood. This study investigated the gut microbiome of three Indian communities: individuals residing in rural and urban (n = 49) sea level Ballabhgarh areas and in rural high altitude areas of Leh, Ladakh in North India (n = 35). Our study revealed that the gut microbiome of Indian communities is dominated by  Firmicutes  followed by  Bacteroidetes ,  Actinobateria  and  Proteobacteria . Although, 54 core bacterial genera were detected across the three distinct communities, the gut bacterial composition displayed specific signatures and was observed to be influenced by the topographical location and dietary intake of the individuals. The gut microbiome of individuals living in Leh was observed to be significantly similar with a high representation of  Bacteroidetes  and low abundance of  Proteobacteria . In contrast, the gut microbiome of individuals living in Ballabhgarh areas harbored higher number of  Firmicutes  and  Proteobacteria  and is enriched with microbial xenobiotic degradation pathways. The rural community residing in sea level Ballabhgarh areas has unique microbiome characterized not only by a higher diversity, but also a higher degree of interindividual homogeneity.

Analysis of the Gut Microbiome of Rural and Urban Healthy Indians Living in Sea Level and High Altitude Areas