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Genomic Islands (GIs) are DNA regions acquired through horizontal gene transfer that encode advantageous traits for bacteria. Many GIs harbor genes that encode the molecular machinery required for their excision from the bacterial chromosome. Notably, the excision/integration dynamics of GIs may modulate the virulence of some pathogens. Here, we report a novel family of GIs found in plant and animal  Enterobacteriaceae  pathogens that share genes with those found in ROD21, a pathogenicity island whose excision is involved in the virulence of  Salmonella enterica  serovar Enteritidis. In these GIs we identified a conserved set of genes that includes an excision/integration module, suggesting that they are excisable. Indeed, we found that GIs within carbapenem-resistant  Klebsiella pneumoniae  ST258 KP35 and enteropathogenic  Escherichia coli  O127:H6 E2348/69 are excised from the bacterial genome. In addition to putative virulence factors, these GIs encode conjugative transfer-related proteins and short and full-length homologues of the global transcriptional regulator H-NS. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the identified GIs likely originated in phytopathogenic bacteria. Taken together, our findings indicate that these GIs are excisable and may play a role in bacterial interactions with their hosts.

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Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of a novel family of Enterobacteriaceae-associated genomic islands that share a conserved excision/integration module