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Like several pathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas infect host plants through the secretion of effector proteins by the Hrp pilus of the  T ype Three Protein  S ecretion  S ystem (T3SS). HrpE protein was identified as the major structural component of this pilus. Here, using the  Xanthomonas citri  subsp.  citri  ( Xcc ) HrpE as a model, a novel role for this protein as an elicitor of plant defense responses was found. HrpE triggers defense responses in host and non-host plants revealed by the development of plant lesions, callose deposition, hydrogen peroxide production and increase in the expression levels of genes related to plant defense responses. Moreover, pre-infiltration of citrus or tomato leaves with HrpE impairs later Xanthomonas infections. Particularly, HrpE C-terminal region, conserved among Xanthomonas species, was sufficient to elicit these responses. HrpE was able to interact with plant  G lycine- R ich  P roteins from citrus (CsGRP) and Arabidopsis (AtGRP-3). Moreover, an Arabidopsis a tgrp-3  knockout mutant lost the capacity to respond to HrpE. This work demonstrate that plants can recognize the conserved C-terminal region of the T3SS pilus HrpE protein as a danger signal to defend themselves against Xanthomonas, triggering defense responses that may be mediated by GRPs.

HrpE, the major component of the Xanthomonas type three protein secretion pilus, elicits plant immunity responses