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The  wap  gene encodes a single whey acidic protein (WAP) domain-containing peptide from Chinese white shrimp ( Fenneropenaeus chinensis ), which shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and proteinase inhibitory activities  in vitro . To explore the medical applications of the WAP peptide, a  wap  gene transgenic  Drosophila melanogaster  was constructed. In  wap -expressing flies, high expression levels of  wap  gene (>100 times) were achieved, in contrast to those of control flies, by qRT-PCR analysis. The  wap  gene expression was associated with increased resistance to microbial infection and decreased bacterial numbers in the flies. In addition, the WAP protein extract from  wap -expressing flies, compared with control protein extract from control flies, showed improved antimicrobial activities against broad Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including the clinical drug resistant bacterium of methicillin-resistant  S .  aureus  ( MRSA ), improved protease inhibitor activities against crude proteinases and commercial proteinases, including elastase, subtilis proteinase A, and proteinase K  in vitro , and improved growth rate and microbial resistance, as well as wound-healing in loach and mouse models. These results suggest that  wap -expressing flies could be used as a food additive in aquaculture to prevent infections and a potential antibacterial for fighting drug-resistant bacteria.

Expression of the Shrimp wap gene in Drosophila elicits defense responses and protease inhibitory activity