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Although the cultivation of transgenic plants expressing toxins of  Bacillus thuringiensis  ( Bt ) represents a successful pest management strategy, the rapid evolution of resistance to  Bt  plants in several lepidopteran pests has threatened the sustainability of this practice. By exhibiting a favorable safety profile and allowing integration with pest management initiatives, plant essential oils have become relevant pest control alternatives. Here, we assessed the potential of essential oils extracted from a Neotropical plant,  Siparuna guianensis  Aublet, for improving the control and resistance management of key lepidopteran pests (i.e.,  Spodoptera frugiperda  and  Anticarsia gemmatalis ). The essential oil exhibited high toxicity against both lepidopteran pest species (including an  S .  frugiperda  strain resistant to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab  Bt  toxins). This high insecticidal activity was associated with necrotic and apoptotic effects revealed by  in vitro  assays with lepidopteran (but not human) cell lines. Furthermore, deficits in reproduction (e.g., egg-laying deterrence and decreased egg viability), larval development (e.g., feeding inhibition) and locomotion (e.g., individual and grouped larvae walking activities) were recorded for lepidopterans sublethally exposed to the essential oil. Thus, by similarly and efficiently controlling lepidopteran strains susceptible and resistant to  Bt  toxins, the  S .  guianensis  essential oil represents a promising management tool against key lepidopteran pests.

Essential oil of Siparuna guianensis as an alternative tool for improved lepidopteran control and resistance management practices