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Wooden shipwrecks are a significant part of the underwater cultural heritage. In 2007, the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck was salvaged from the seabed and moved into the Marine Silk Road Museum, where it is still stored in a water tank. We analysed the microbial communities colonizing the hull surface of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck during storage. Six samples exposed to air were collected from different spots of the ship that exhibited obvious microbial plaques. High-throughput sequencing revealed the bacterial community includes both aquatic and terrestrial species, while in the fungal community,  Fusarium  was the most abundant genus across all samples and accounted for 84.91% to 98.40% of the total community composition. Two  Fusarium  species were isolated from the samples and were identified as  F .  solani  and  F .  oxysporum . Both of the isolates were able to degrade cellulose, but only  F .  solani  had the ability to degrade lignin. Antimicrobial efficacy in inhibiting the growth of  Fusarium  was assessed with five kinds of biocides, and isothiazolinones exhibited specific inhibition of  Fusarium  growth. These results provide critical background information to protect and reduce the biodegradation and destruction of this important historical shipwreck, and inform efforts to protect other similar artifacts.

Microbial community analysis and biodeterioration of waterlogged archaeological wood from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck during storage