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The acquisition of environmental osmolality tolerance traits in individuals and gametes is an important event in the evolution and diversification of organisms. Although teleost fish exhibit considerable intra- and interspecific variation in salinity tolerance, the genetic mechanisms underlying this trait remain unclear.  Oryzias celebensis  survives in sea and fresh water during both the embryonic and adult stages, whereas its close relative  Oryzias woworae  cannot survive in sea water at either stage. A linkage analysis using backcross progeny identified a single locus responsible for adult hyperosmotic tolerance on a fused chromosome that corresponds to  O .  latipes  linkage groups (LGs) 6 and 23. Conversely,  O .  woworae  eggs fertilised with  O .  celebensis  sperm died in sea water at the cleavage stages, whereas  O .  celebensis  eggs fertilised with  O .  woworae  sperm developed normally, demonstrating that maternal factor(s) from  O .  celebensis  are responsible for hyperosmotic tolerance during early development. A further linkage analysis using backcrossed females revealed a discrete single locus relating to the maternal hyperosmotic tolerance factor in a fused chromosomal region homologous to  O .  latipes  LGs 17 and 19. These results indicate that a maternal factor governs embryonic hyperosmotic tolerance and maps to a locus distinct from that associated with adult hyperosmotic tolerance.

Hyperosmotic tolerance of adult fish and early embryos are determined by discrete, single loci in the genus Oryzias