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Despite the broad distribution of  M. ozzardi  in Latin America and the Caribbean, there is still very little DNA sequence data available to study this neglected parasite’s epidemiology. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, especially the cytochrome oxidase (CO1) gene’s barcoding region, have been targeted successfully for filarial diagnostics and for epidemiological, ecological and evolutionary studies. MtDNA-based studies can, however, be compromised by unrecognised mitochondrial pseudogenes, such as Numts. Here, we have used shot-gun Illumina-HiSeq sequencing to recover the first complete  Mansonella  genus mitogenome and to identify several mitochondrial-origin pseudogenes. Mitogenome phylogenetic analysis placed  M. ozzardi  in the Onchocercidae “ONC5” clade and suggested that  Mansonella  parasites are more closely related to  Wuchereria  and  Brugia  genera parasites than they are to  Loa  genus parasites. DNA sequence alignments, BLAST searches and conceptual translations have been used to compliment phylogenetic analysis showing that  M. ozzardi  from the Amazon and Caribbean regions are near-identical and that previously reported Peruvian  M. ozzardi  CO1 reference sequences are probably of pseudogene origin. In addition to adding a much-needed resource to the  Mansonella  genus’s molecular tool-kit and providing evidence that some  M. ozzardi  CO1 sequence deposits are pseudogenes, our results suggest that all Neotropical  M. ozzardi  parasites are closely related.

Mansonella ozzardi mitogenome and pseudogene characterisation provides new perspectives on filarial parasite systematics and CO-1 barcoding